Socio Human Rights Zapatismo and Nationalism

Question: Discuss about the Socio Human Rights for Zapatismo and Nationalism. Answer: Kolchanski's Aboriginal rights and comments of Goodale and Gledhill questions of identity and Zapatista Aboriginal rights are generally termed as the rights of Aboriginal people and they are related to the rights regarding certain areas and occupation. The rights of the Aboriginal people include the rights which were already enjoyed before European invasion. The early First Nation was clearly distinct from present times and the rights which were formed are indigenous in nature. There are different groups of aboriginals and the rights may vary between these groups. The rights focus on religion, language, customs, practice of culture, self-government, self-determination, activities, resources, and land. The rights are permitted to them because of their home territories and occupation related to their habitats. Those rights also have an effect on their current legal and political systems. The social structures of Aboriginal people are different from other population living in the country as well as they do not come under all jurisdiction rules when compared to non-Aboriginal population in a country (Indigenous Foundations, 2016). Zapatista is one of the militant and political groups, which is active in the southern part of Mexico. It follows leftist ideology and it has its participation in Chiapas. A war has been declared against the government and military forces of Mexico support the ideology of socialism and Marxism. The group has been named on the name of Commander Emiliano Zapata. The group mainly consists of the indigenous community of the region and has support from other indigenous and rural communities. These communities are also supported by some international and urban areas and they follow Zapatismo and Neozapatismo (Cultural Survival, 2016). Dambour Schools of Approach and Ishay controversies Michelline Ishay describes the struggle related to human rights in his book. The struggle has described from Mesopotamian Codes to present day scenario of globalization. The book consists of the intellectual and historical developments since ages and describes the conflicts in movements of social importance, armies and ideas. According to Ishay, creative expression, traditions and texts have played an important role in the formation of human rights. It is considered as one of the best frameworks related to human rights: history and current scenarios. She had also mentioned the origin and the outlook of European civilization on human rights of other countries during their colonization period. She also used political statements, speeches, and writings as proof in the book. Many debates rise due to her controversial book and shook the community of thinkers, writers and activists (Ishay, 2008). Ishay included controversies and debates from the old documents related to human rights such as the statement of George W. Bush. Moreover, the discussions in the book demonstrated the uniformity in different societies of the world about humanity. Religions and traditions were discussed by the author. Marie-Bndicte Dembour has described the fundamentals of human rights through different schools. Each school has a varied description. The natural school defines human rights. The protest school considers human rights as aspirations and claims for the oppressed and under-privileged. Moreover, the scholars constantly fight for human rights as they believe that a single win does not stop injustice. Discourse school describes the idea of impact of human rights in political affairs. They do not support other schools but do agree human rights have a powerful effect on the current society (Willen, 2012; Dembour, 2010). Goodale, Surrendering to Utopia and Sikka Cultural relativism, Manheim and Ricoeur Ideology and Utopia, Douzinas Cosmopolitanism Mark Goodale's work on human rights has been termed as one of the most realistic works on human rights and its impact on the present society. Today's world is surrounded by human rights and legal, political, aspirational and rhetorical aspects play an important role in the application of human rights. It can be stated that the book is of great importance for various scholars related to human rights. It may include graduate students, scholars, non-anthropologists and anthropologists. The observations of the writer are valuable, provocative and compelling as it describes the use of ethnographic tools to question the application of human rights (Douzinas, 2008). The book written by Mannheim and Ricoeur described utopia and ideology and relationship between them. Majorly, all the scholarly works represent ideology and ignore utopia. The authors agree that utopia is equally important and should be discussed. The author tries to unmask ideology and display it. Mannheim advocates utopia as one of the prime factors in human race. Moreover, the other author argues that utopia can be considered as a corrective measure for the issues which are demonstrated by ideology. Both are considered as positive functions for the authors. The work of Douzinas focuses on the cosmopolitan culture which considers room for the possible engagement with the inclusion of human rights. It encourages such engagements (Goodale, 2010). Activism and globalization of Human rights in the year 2000, the change till today. Aporias of New technologies, Kurosawa's Activism of Globalization Globalization is termed as the present situation of the world. It also means that the whole world is considered as a single political economy and it functions as a free market. Globalization has been changing the world since long times and the increase in global trading has provided a platform for various people of different cultures to interact. It has also played an essential role in fulfilling dreams of many people. The chain reaction has globalized media as well. Thus, in nutshell, market and globalization have supported many industries to expand their business. The article focuses on the power of global companies in exploiting the resources in a country and breaking rules regarding rights of the native population. For example, lands from farmers are being snatched in developing countries in the namesake of industrialization and globalization. The author describes that colonization has been replaced by globalization of these companies where they try to feast on national wealth, h uman resources, and natural resources. Decisions are made in corporate board rooms in developed countries rather than involvement of local community. Authors such as Kurosawa have presented the ill effects of globalization on the developing countries and have depicted the plight of oppressed and afflicted people due to powerful reign of these companies (Deslandes King, 2006). But, new technologies and social media have changed the way of practicing human rights in an unconventional manner. It helps incidents and events to go viral and have maximum coverage (Ishay, 2008). Douzinas says that the short circuit between human rights as ideology and Human rights as critique is complete. The end of human rights coincides with their rise The author Douzinas have explained about the impact of human rights in today's world. International politics have been greatly influenced by human rights. Global order has been defended and organized by humanitarianism. In the book, the author reappropriates human rights and distinguishes it from the group who wants to enforce human rights. The entire description is categorized into two parts where the first part involves ontological claims. Douzinas tries to describe human rights as a building tool for subjectivity. He provides the statement that it is the human rights that support the existence of human race and humanity does not deliver anything in accordance with human rights (Langlois, 2013). Author compares the relationship of human rights with neoliberal capitalism where he finds that the theme of human rights is getting deviated from battling social injustice to being a tool for globalization. He states that radical equality is more important than individualism in human rights. Moreover, he asserts to the point of amalgamation of morality and power for structuring human rights. He describes the role of emerging empire in the oppression of human rights for their benefits. He supports utopian cosmopolitanism but has not succeeded to support the concept in a proper manner. The idea of fighting injustice through radical equality is difficult and less practical (Sargent, 2008). References Cultural Survival. (2016). Indigenous Identity at the Margin: Zapatismo and Nationalism. Retrieved august 19, 2016, from Culturalsurvival.org: https://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/indigenous-identity-margin-zapatismo-and-nationalism Dembour, M.-B. (2010). What Are Human Rights? Four Schools of Thought. Human Rights Quarterly, 32(1), 1-20. Deslandes, A., King, D. (2006). Autonomous activism and the global justice movement. Journal of Sociology, 42(3), 310327. Douzinas, C. (2008). Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish. Goodale, M. (2010). Surrendering to Utopia: An Anthropology of Human Rights. Stanford University Press. Indigenous Foundations. (2016). Aboriginal Rights. Retrieved august 19, 2016, from Indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca: https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/land-rights/aboriginal-rights.html Ishay, M. R. (2008). The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era (2nd ed.). University of California Press. Langlois, A. J. (2013, July 29). Seven Counter-theses on Human Rights. Retrieved august 19, 2016, from Criticallegalthinking.com: https://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/07/29/seven-counter-theses-on-human-rights/ Sargent, L. T. (2008). Ideology and utopia: Karl Mannheim and Paul Ricoeur. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(3), 263-273. Willen, S. S. (2012). Anthropology and Human Rights: Theoretical Reconsiderations and Phenomenological Explorations. Journal of Human Rights, 11(1), 150-159.